Overview of The Seven Years War (1756 - 63)

Overview of The Seven Years War (1756 - 63) In Europe, the Seven Years War was fought between an alliance of France, Russia, Sweden, Austria and Saxony against Prussia, Hanover and Great Britain from 1756 - 63. However, the war had an international element, particularly as Britain and France fought for domination of North America and India. As such, it has been called the first ‘world war’. The theatre in North America is called the ‘French Indian’ war, and in German,y the Seven Years War has been known as the ‘Third Silesian War’. It is notable for the adventures of Frederick the Great, a man whose major early successes and later tenacity were matched by one of the most incredible pieces of luck ever to end a major conflict in history (that bit is on page two). Origins: The Diplomatic Revolution The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748, but to many, it was only an armistice, a temporary halt to the war. Austria had lost Silesia to Prussia, and was angry at both Prussia – for taking the wealthy land – and her own allies for not making sure it was returned. She started weighing up her alliances and seeking out alternatives. Russia grew worried about the growing power of Prussia, and wondered about waging a ‘preventative’ war to stop them. Prussia, pleased at having gained Silesia, believed it would take another war to keep it, and hoped to gain more territory during it. In the 1750s, as tensions rose in North America between British and French colonists competing for the same land, Britain acted to try and prevent the ensuing war destabilising Europe by altering its alliances. These actions, and a change of heart by Frederick II of Prussia – known by his many later admirers as ‘the Great’ – triggered what has been called the ‘Diplomatic Revolution’, as the previous system of alliances broke down and a new one replaced it, with Austria, France and Russia allied against Britain, Prussia and Hanover. Europe: Frederick Gets His Retaliation in First In May 1756, Britain and France officially went to war, triggered by French attacks on Minorca; the recent treaties stopped other nations being sucked in to help. But with the new alliances in place, Austria was poised to strike and take Silesia back, and Russia was planning a similar initiative, so Frederick II of Prussia – aware of the plotting – initiated conflict in an attempt to gain an advantage. He wanted to defeat Austria before France and Russia could mobilise; he also wanted to seize more land. Frederick thus attacked Saxony in August 1756 to try and break its alliance with Austria, seize its resources and set up his planned 1757 campaign. He took the capital, accepting their surrender, incorporating their troops and sucking huge funds out of the state. Prussian forces then advanced into Bohemia, but were unable to win the victory that would keep them there and they retreated to Saxony. They advanced back again in early 1757, winning the battle of Prague on May 6, 1757, thanks in no small part to Frederick’s subordinates. However, the Austrian army had retreated into Prague, which Prussia besieged. Luckily for the Austrians, Frederick was defeated on June 18th by a relief force at the Battle of Kolin and forced to retreat out of Bohemia. Europe: Prussia Under Attack Prussia now appeared to be attacked from all sides, as a French force defeated the Hanoverians under an English general – the King of England was also the King of Hanover – occupied Hanover and marched to Prussia, while Russia came in from the East and defeated other Prussians, although they followed this up by retreating and only occupied East Prussia the next January. Austria moved on Silesia and Sweden, new to the Franco-Russo-Austrian alliance, also attacked. For a while Frederick sank into self pity, but responded with a display of arguably brilliant generalship, defeating a Franco-German army at Rossbach on November 5th, and an Austrian one at Leuthenon December 5th; both of which had outnumbered him greatly. Neither victory was enough to force an Austrian (or French) surrender. From now on the French would target a resurgent Hanover, and never fought Frederick again, while he moved quickly, defeating one enemy army and then another before they could effectively team up, using his advantage of shorter, internal lines of movement. Austria soon learnt not to fight Prussia in the large, open areas which favoured Prussia’s superior movement, although this was constantly reduced by casualties. Britain began to harass the French coast to try and draw troops away, while Prussia pushed the Swedes out. Europe: Victories and Defeats The British ignored the surrender of their previous Hanoverian army and returned to the region, intent on keeping France at bay. This new army was commanded by a close ally of Frederick’s (his brother in law) and kept French forces busy in the west and away from both Prussia and the French colonies. They won the battle of Minden in 1759, and made a series of strategic manoeuvres to tie up the enemy armies, although were constrained by having to send reinforcements to Frederick. Frederick attacked Austria, but was outmanoeuvred during a siege and forced to retreat into Silesia. He then fought a draw with the Russians at Zorndorf, but took heavy casualties (a third of his army); he was then beaten by Austria at Hochkirch, losing a third again. By the end of the year he had cleared Prussia and Silesia of enemy armies, but was greatly weakened, unable to pursue anymore grand offensives; Austria was cautiously pleased. By now, all belligerents had spent huge sums. Frederick was bought to battle again at Battle of Kunersdorf in August 1759, but was heavily defeated by an Austro-Russian army. He lost 40% of the troops present, although he managed to keep the remainder of his army in operation. Thanks to Austrian and Russian caution, delays and disagreements, their advantage was not pressed and Frederick avoided being forced to surrender. In 1760 Frederick failed in another siege, but won minor victories against the Austrians, although at Torgau he won because of his subordinates rather than anything he did. France, with some Austrian support, tried to push for peace. By the end of 1761, with enemies wintering on Prussian land, things were going badly for Frederick, whose once highly trained army was now bulked out with hastily gathered recruits, and whose numbers where well below those of the enemy armies. Frederick was increasingly unable to perform the marches and outflankings which had bought him success, and was on the defensive. Had Frederick’s enemies overcome their seeming inability to co-ordinate – thanks to xenophobia, dislike, confusion, class differences and more - Frederick might already have been beaten. In control of only a part of Prussia, Frederick’s efforts looked doomed, despite Austria being in a desperate financial position. Europe: Death as Prussian Saviour Frederick hoped for a miracle, and he got one. The implacably anti-Prussian Tsarina of Russia died, to be succeeded by Tsar Peter III. He was favourable to Prussia and made immediate peace, sending troops to help Frederick. Although Peter was assassinated quickly afterwards – not before trying to invade Denmark – the new Tsar – Peter’s wife, Catherine the Great – kept the peace agreements, although she withdrew Russian troops which had been helping Frederick. This freed Frederick to win more engagements against Austria. Britain took the chance to end their alliance with Prussia – thanks partly to mutual antipathy between Frederick and Britain’s new Prime Minister- declaring war on Spain and attacking their Empire instead. Spain invaded Portugal, but were halted with British aid. The Global War Although British troops did fight on the continent, slowly increasing in numbers, the Britain had preferred to send financial support to Frederick and Hanover – subsidies larger than any before in British history – rather than fight in Europe. This was in order to send troops and ships elsewhere in the world. The British had been involved in fighting in North America since 1754, and the government under William Pitt decided to further prioritise the war in America, and hit the rest of France’s imperial possessions, using their powerful navy to harass France where she was weakest. In contrast, France focused on Europe first, planning an invasion of Britain, but this possibility was ended by the Battle of Quiberon Bay in 1759, shattering France’s remaining Atlantic naval power and their ability to reinforce America. England had effectively won the ‘French-Indian’ war in North America by 1760, but peace there had to wait until the other theatres were settled. In 1759 a small, opportunistic British force had seized Fort Louis on the Senegal River in Africa, acquiring plenty of valuables and suffering no casualties. Consequently, by the end of the year, all French trading posts in Africa were British. Britain then attacked France in the West Indies, taking the rich island of Guadeloupe and moving on to other wealth producing targets. The British East India Company retaliated against a local leader and attacked French interests in India and, aided greatly by the British Royal Navy dominating the Indian Ocean as it had the Atlantic, ejected France from the area. By war’s end, Britain had a vastly increased Empire, France a much reduced one. Britain and Spain also went to war, and Britain shocked their new enemy by seizing the hub of their Caribbean operations, Havana, and a quarter of the Spanish Navy. Peace None of Prussia, Austria, Russia or France had been able to win the decisive victories needed to force their enemies to surrender, but by 1763 the war in Europe had drained the belligerents and they sought peace, Austria, facing bankruptcy and feeling unable to proceed without Russia, France defeated abroad and unwilling to fight on to support Austria, and England keen to cement global success and end the drain on their resources. Prussia was intent on forcing a return to the state of affairs before the war, but as peace negotiations dragged on Frederick sucked as much as he could out of Saxony, including kidnapping girls and relocating them in depopulated areas of Prussia. The Treaty of Paris was signed on February 10th, 1763, settling issues between Britain, Spain and France, humiliating the latter, former greatest power in Europe. Britain gave Havana back to Spain, but received Florida in return. France compensated Spain by giving her Louisiana, while England got all French lands in North America east of the Mississippi except New Orleans. Britain also gained much of the West Indies, Senegal, Minorca and land in India. Other possessions changed hands, and Hanover was secured for the British. On February 10th, 1763 the Treaty of Hubertusburg between Prussia and Austria confirmed the status quo: Prussia kept Silesia, and secured its claim to ‘great power’ status, while Austria kept Saxony. As historian Fred Anderson pointed out, millions had been spent and tens of thousands had died, but nothing had changed. Consequences Britain was left as the dominant world power, albeit deeply in debt, and the cost had introduced new problems in the relationship with its colonists (this would go on to cause the American Revolutionary War, another global conflict that would end in a British defeat.) France was on the road to economic disaster and revolution. Prussia had lost 10% of its population but, crucially for Frederick’s reputation, had survived the alliance of Austria, Russia and France which had wanted to reduce or destroy it, although many historians claim Frederick is given too much credit for this as outside factors allowed it. Reforms followed in many of the belligerent’s government and military, with Austrian fears that Europe would be on the road to a disastrous militarism were well founded. The failure of Austria to reduce Prussia to second rate power doomed it to a competition between the two for the future of Germany, benefitting Russia and France, and leading to a Prussian centred Germany empire. The war also saw a shift in the balance of diplomacy, with Spain and Holland, reduced in importance, replaced by two new Great Powers: Prussia and Russia. Saxony was ruined.

How to Automate Marketing Apps With CoSchedule and Zapier

How to Automate Marketing Apps With and Zapier What would you do with more time each workweek? You could: Spend more time doing actual creative work †¦ generate more profit for your business, and †¦ †¦ feel less stressed, all at the same time. Most marketers would agree this sounds But, how can you get that kind of time back, though? I’d like to say it involves using the ability to freeze time. I can’t say that, though, because that’s scientifically impossible ( for now). But, I can tell you all about the next best thing: hooking up your calendar with Zapier, using our latest integration. By using both apps together, you can connect your favorite software services, allowing you to manage and automate tasks in one place. The result? More time to get your real job done, with less copy-paste repetition and general banging-your-head-against-a-wall frustration. Best of all, Zapier is a freemium app that connects seamlessly with . Let’s take a look at exactly how easy it is to get started. Follow along, and you’ll be making magic happen with Zapier in no time. How to Automate Marketing Apps With and Zapier to Save Tons of TimeRemind Me: What Is ? If youre new around here, let me fill you in quick. is a web-based marketing calendar app that makes it easy to plan, manage, and execute marketing projects. When your marketing team has one place where they can map out timelines, collaborate on projects, and visualize clear deadlines (and a lot more), getting things done effectively and efficiently becomes much easier. In short, is your teams hub connecting the spokes of your marketing tool stack. And when its connected with Zapier, that power becomes even greater. Try Free For 14 Days: Ready to take for a spin? Start your free trial or schedule a demo and get your entire team organized on one marketing calendar now. So, What Is Zapier, Exactly? Zapier is a web app that connects other web apps. It works by setting up triggers that automate tasks between apps. For example, each time you add an event to your Google Calendar, it could create a new Marketing Project in . Heres a quick look at what it is, and how it works: Best of all, it’s compatible with an incredible number of apps. While we’re going to focus on using it to connect to your favorite services, there’s a whole lot more it can do. Why Should I Sync My Marketing Tools With and Zapier? The short answer is because you’re A) busy and B) want to accomplish more in less time. The more in-depth answer is because it makes it super easy to manage multiple tools and applications in one place. By empowering marketers to automate routine processes, you can cut mundane tasks from your schedule, and better focus your energy on work that matters. Here are a few examples of things you can do: Sync your Google Calendar and . Add projects to each time a row is filled in Google Sheets. Connect project management tools (including Basecamp, Asana, and Wrike), to your calendar. And that’s barely scratching the surface of what’s possible. If you can think it, there’s a good chance you can make it happen. Heres how busy #marketing teams can use @zapier to connect their favorite apps to @Important Terms to Know Before we get too much farther, there are a couple features and terms that would be useful to understand: Marketing Projects: These are unified folders in connecting items on your calendar together. They’re used to keep all the moving pieces of individual projects and campaigns organized. Zaps: In Zapier, the connections you create between apps are called Zaps. Theyre created by selecting Triggers and Actions, causing App A to make App B to complete a given action. When creating a Zap, its possible to select as the trigger or action. Got it? Now, let’s move on. Recommended Reading: How to Connect Your Favorite Tools With Zapier (Live Demo Recap) Getting Started: Creating a Zapier Account The first step is to create and Zapier accounts. If you’re already a customer, you’re halfway there. If not, you can always start a trial or schedule a demo with an expert. Then, create a free Zapier account by hitting up their website and entering some basic info. With a free account, you can create five Zaps (or connections between apps). If you need more power, you can upgrade to a paid account. Once you log in, youll see a search bar and a directory full of software services and apps: Then, select : For a more detailed walkthrough on connecting to Zapier, check out our helpful support documentation. Youre on your way to more marketing productivity already. Connecting @and @zapier is easy. Heres how:How Are Zaps Created? Now that you’re in, it’d be helpful to know how Zaps are created. Fortunately, this video from Zapier themselves has that covered: Then, if you want to experiment building Zaps of your own, follow our handy support doc. Next, Start Connecting Apps With Our Favorite Zaps The first thing you’ll see once you connect to Zapier is our favorite Zaps. These are some simple templates that make it easy to connect several popular services quickly. Those include: Honeybook Trello Basecamp Asana Wrike MailChimp Google Sheets That’s a solid set of apps you can quickly connect to ! To see how they all work, watch this demo recap video (or follow our step-by-step guide below): But, your selection isn’t limited to this list (Zapier is super powerful and featured extensive functionality to create your own apps). For now, we’ll start with these. + Google Sheets Google Sheets is one of the most popular requests we receive for integrations. And now, with Zapier, it’s possible! Using the Gsheets Zap with , you can automatically add Marketing Projects to when you add a row to a particular spreadsheet. Start by selecting the Zap: Next, youll see a description of the Zap: Click Create this Zap. Next, youll see the following prompt, asking you to create a Trigger: Click Continue. On the next screen, youll see detailed instructions for how to set up your Google Sheet to correctly create Marketing Projects in : Weve got our directions. So, lets set up that Google Sheet: Click Continue, and connect your Google Sheets account: Then, select a spreadsheet and worksheet: Youll then be asked to test your new Zap: Now, youll be asked to create an Action in . The first step is to click Continue on the following screen: Then, connect your account (if you havent already): Youll be asked to paste in your API key (you can find this in Settings Integrations): Next, youll need to test your Zap. Start by filling in details for a test Marketing Project: Then, click Send Test to : Congratulations! Youve now created a working Zap. Now, team members can just fill in your Google Sheet to build out Marketing Projects, which other team members can complete. Thats how Zaps get created. Each Zap listed in this post can be set up similarly by following the step-by-step on-screen prompts. Honeybook + HoneyBook is a popular business management platform for creative professionals. Now, with , you can automatically create a Marketing Project on your calendar once a project is complete in Honeybook. This makes it easy to promote your work (and bring in more clients). Heres how you can use @zapier to connect @honeybook and @+ Trello When you connect Trello (a popular kanban-style project management platform) together with , you can automatically create content on your calendar when you create a new Trello card. So, once you create a card in Trello †¦ †¦ you can create a new piece content that you’ll create on your calendar. You can also create tasks in Trello and have them appear right on your calendar. This zap works similarly, but will instead create a task on your calendar (rather than a piece of content). Now, if I were to add a card to Trello as a reminder to get something done, itll appear on the calendar, too: Heres how you can use @zapier to connect @trello and @+ Basecamp 2 and Bascamp 3 Basecamp is an all-powerful project management platform. It’s been around since 2004, and it’s trusted by tons of customers around the world. And now, it syncs with ! Whether you’re using Basecamp 2 or 3, you can turn your to-do’s in Basecamp into Tasks on your calendar. Remember the task we synced between Trello and ? With Basecamp, the process works in a similar fashion. That gives you full visibility on everything you need to get done, right in (without needing to bounce between two apps). You can also sync entire marketing projects between Basecamp and . Say you have a project manager working behind-the-scenes magic in Basecamp, but your marketers are in . Your PM could create a project in Basecamp. Then, your marketing team will have all the moving pieces in place, so they start getting the work done. Heres how you can use @zapier to connect @basecamp and @+ Asana Similarly, if you’re using Asana for project management, you can sync it with your calendar. Using this Zap, any time you create a project in Asana (click the + sign and select Project): Fill in your project details: And itll create a matching Marketing Project in : Marketers and project managers, living in perfect harmony? Stranger things have happened. Heres how you can use @zapier to connect @asana and @+ Google Calendar If you’re using to keep your entire marketing team organized, it’d probably be useful to see all your meetings alongside your other work and projects. And where do those meetings typically live? On a Google Calendar. So, why not bring the two together? By using this zap, you can create a meeting on Google Calendar: And see it appear on your calendar: This is super helpful if meetings are sometimes initiated by teams outside marketing that aren’t in your calendar, but run everything through the Gsuite. Heres how you can use @zapier to connect @googlecalendar and @+ Wrike Wrike is a widely-used freemium project management platform used by all kinds of teams. Now, you can connect it to and stay on top of tasks better than ever. Using this zap, creating a task in Wrike automatically creates a task in . For example, if your project management team is in Wrike, and your marketing team is in , you can keep everyone on the same page with a single version of truth. Heres how you can use @zapier to connect @wrike and @+ MailChimp MailChimp is one of the worlds most popular email marketing service providers. With their well-structured freemium model and smart balance between power and usability, there are lots of good reasons for that, too. We’ll have some cool email functionality coming to (that we can’t quite talk about yet in detail). But, if you want your calendar to get to know MailChimp, you can do that with this zap. Now, when you schedule an email in MailChimp, itll appear as a piece of content on our calendar. This makes it easy to see when emails are being sent, alongside all your other content and projects.