Tort - Negligence Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tort - Negligence Assessment - Essay Example Other relevant legislations which have been made and may be applicable to this case may also be included in the catchword. The purpose of the catchwords is to help one summarise at a glance, the facts surrounding a court case. The same are also used in compiling case reports. Mostly, legal publishers are the ones who make the catchwords as parts of the head notes and summaries surrounding a case. The key facts are summarised in case reports and are summarised include the head note, the citation of the case and the law reporter. Sometimes, the Latin or law French are mentioned. All these are listed in the line which specifies whether the case is first instance or is on appeal. If this is the case, catchwords may come after the names of the judges and the hearing and judgement dates, respectively. The legal publisher or any person working for legal publisher may write this report or catchword. The part of the report may either be referred to by its self-titled name, catchwords or catchphrases. Apart from the aforementioned facts surrounding the case, the legal publisher will have to specify whether the case is taking place for the first time, or is an appeal or cross appeal. The key issue on which the court had to decide is the duty of care, and whether or not the defendant had fully met it. In this case, the use of negligent misstatements and negligent preparation of reports for a company serve as key issue. Apart from the general provisions of the common law, it will be important to consider the principle of Hedley Byrne v Heller in constructing a sound verdict. Initially, the courts made a ruling in favour of the auditors, saying that the auditors did not owe the plaintiffs any duty of care. The Court of Appeal ruled in favour of the plaintiff, saying that the auditors owed the plaintiffs duty of care as shareholders. Finally, the cross-appeal by the auditors made a ruling in favour of the auditors, observing

The portrayal of Crooks In the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay Example for Free

The portrayal of Crooks In the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay In the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck we learn about the daily life of the black stable-buck Crooks and how he is portrayed by the life on the ranch. American people in the 1930s were in the midst of a Great depression. The Great Depression affected everybody. Many people became unemployed and work that was available was hard to find. During the Great Depression, the Wall Street Crash, which was the collapse of the stock market. The shareholders lost lots of money and found it necessary to reduce the number of employed to save money. Between 1928 and 1933, industrial and farm production fell by 40% and wages by 60%. In 1933 14 million were unemployed and farm prices had fallen, so the cost of transporting animals cost more than the animals were worth and the income slipped to $5 billion. Therefore, for the white worker life was exceptionally hard. Also in the 1930s, black people suffered from racial prejudice. This made the blacks feel worthless and they did not mix with the whites. The cause of this prejudice was the reminisce of the slave trade which happened in the 18th and 19th century. White Americans considered the blacks as worthless and treated them as lowly citizens, perhaps comparable to that of animals. When people saw sense the law changed and the slave trade was stopped. In edition to the effects of the Great Depression, and the inequality white workers suffered is the issue of racial prejudice. In the novel, John Steinbeck creates a character called Crooks. He excludes himself from the white workers because of the racial prejudice he has suffered in the past. Crooks lives in the harness room instead of the bunk house with the white workers, this is the result of many years of racial prejudice and exclusion. had his bunk in the harness room Crooks is a tall old black man with a crooked back. He has no friends in the ranch because he is only the black man and the white workers dont like to mix with him. guys dont come into a colored mans room very much. Crooks is permanent to the ranch as the others are not, so over the years he has picked up more possessions. As he lives in his own room he can also have more things than the other workers and he can leave all his objects on the floor. The result of an accident made his back go cripple, this meant it was hard to travel and this helped to gain personal possessions. scattered about the floor were a number of personal possessions being a stable buck and a cripple, he was more permanent As Crooks was cripple he felt intimidated so he had a shot gun in his room. Although it could be used for shooting vermin and for his job, but it might also be used for the intimidation of other people. and a single-barreled shotgun. In the novel it tells us that Crooks has lots of books, this includes the Californian civil rights book. These books seem to comfort him as he has no friends. The civil rights book shows us that he knows his rights and knows how he should be treated a mauled copy of the Californian civil rights code for 1905. In addition to Crooks loneliness and isolation the dialogue between Crooks and Lennie is tight and Crooks seems to be angry at Lennie for coming into his room to be friendly. you got no right to come in my room you go on get outta my room. Crooks also might be afraid of Lennie. This might be because Lennie is a big man and he does not know his own strength. a huge man He stood up and moved dangerously towards Crooks. Whilst Crooks and Lennie are talking Crooks makes Lennie get angry because he said that George might not come back. Lennie relies on George for everything and he would not like it if George left him. Spose George dont come back no more. ` George wouldnt do nothing like that. I been with George a long time. Hell come back tonight -` Lennie has a very babyish mind and can really only talk about one thing. He gets obsessions. Like when he was talking to Crooks, he would not stop talking about what George and him are going to do when they get enough money and slims pups that he likes. The rabbits were gonna get, and I get to tend em How long do you think itll be before them pups will be old enough to pet? Crooks thinks it funny to discriminate Lennie because of his simple mind. This is because Lennie relies on George and Crooks has picked up on it and calls him names. Your crazy as a wedge. Jus talks, an you dont understand nothing. Besides Crooks experiencing loneliness another character in the novel Curleys wife also experiences it because she is the only woman in the ranch. Curleys wife admits to Lennie that she is lonely and that she only wants someone to talk to. I get lonely. The reason why she is lonely is because she lives in a patriarchal society. The male dominated society means that when she is bored she flirts with all the men and they think that she is always giving them the eye. I seen her give slim the eye. Today, there is still an issue on racism. In the fifties and the sixties a lot of icons have come forward to fight the rights of inequality. Some of the main ones are Martin Luther King Jr and Malcolm X. Martin Luther King fought in the non violence matter and Malcolm X fought in the violence matter. Although they both fought for freedom. Here is a piece from his speech: I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal. To the present day people have died through racism, but it is not so much an issue. People have been brought up to treat everyone as equals, although there are a small minority that dont. This shows that the 1930s were prone to racism and loneliness among blacks and that nowadays there is little.

Business Use of Media in Crisis Management

Business Use of Media in Crisis Management 1 – Introduction 2 – Why business should engage with media during crisis? 3 – What strategies are successful during crisis? 4 – Recent new stories 4.1 – Barilla Pasta 4.2 – Costa Concordia Cruise 5 – Conclusion REFERENCES: BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1 – Introduction Organizations have always lived crises, some economic, others policies, more common administrative and internal, although many of them without if it is aware. Currently, the speed with which information is sent and received and with the development of the media, much of the attention is focused on organizations and their actions because the population is perceived as an integral part of the social process that organizations develop. Crises are not merely problems or conflicts that happen daily in organizations. Crisis is an event that involves failure, which generates general distress and affects relationships. It is a fact that happens suddenly threatening the organizational image, business and may result in large financial losses. In this essay, it will be discussed why it is important for business to engage with the media during crisis. Next the strategies that are successful in public relations for businesses during such times will be explored. In the end, two recent news stories which centred on crisis for different business will be commented. 2 – Why business should engage with media during crisis A significant threat to the business that can impact negatively if not controlled is considered crisis. The threat can have negative consequences for the organization, for the industry and for the stakeholders in general. Three related threats are created by the crisis: the safety of the public, the financial loss, and reputation damage. For example, flight and industrial accidents can have serious injuries and deaths as well. Financial loss can be created due to the operations break causing a decrease in the market share or due to the decreased in purchase intention (Coombs, 2007). Dilenschneider (2000) stated that all crises will affect the company’s reputation to some extent. When a company faces a crisis, the management have to do and say something to the public. This is called crisis response. In this case the Public Relations (PR) has an important duty by helping the organization to reach the public with its message. The response needs to be very quick, accurate and consistent. According to Fearn-Banks (2011) an organization has to prove to its customer and to the general public as well that the negative image is not a fact. Therefore, it is really important that the business engage with the media during a crisis as soon as possible. The media is the best way to reach a wide variety of public and stakeholders very fast. The message spread out quickly and to a great amount of people. Probably some non-targets will receive the message; however, the most important is the speed and reach of the message. According to Dolphin (1998) a good message sent to the stakeholders can create an opportunity to make the organization’s image better. Even in a bad disaster a good message has a beneficial effect. It is also important for the business to engage with the media because when a company respond to the stakeholders about what happened it is a way of improve the corporate image and create a relationship with them. The best way to explain the crisis is using the media engagement (Barton, 2001). Besides, the engagement with the media can show that the organization is responsible and is trying to do the best for those who have been affected. The message has to be accurate and consistent in order to improve the corporate image. 3 – What strategies are successful during crisis? A great number of researchers have studied public relation strategies for business during crisis time in order to improve the organization’s image. As a result of this research it was developed a list of reputation repair strategies. The person who contribute more in order to determine the reputation strategies were Benoit (1997). From a great different number of researches which showed a matter for reputation strategies, Benoit evaluate and combine all of them (Combs 2007). With the work of Benoit and others, Coombs (2007) created a list of reputations repair strategies integrating all writings. Coombs stated that the reputation repair strategy can change in terms of how to help the victims and more than the organization interest. The list of reputation repair strategy is composed with ten strategies for crisis communication. Those strategies were divided in primary and secondary crisis response strategies. The primary has three main topics: Deny crisis response strategy, Diminish crisis response and Rebuild crisis response strategy. The secondary has one main topic: Bolstering crisis response strategies. The table 1 below show the strategies. Table 1: Crisis response strategies – Coombs (2007) In order to assess the reputational problem of a crisis, managers should follow a process based in two steps. The first one is to define the crisis type considering the way that the media and stakeholders are describing the crisis. Coombs and Holladay (2002) create a list of crises types according to the threat each one offer. See the table 2 below. Table 2: Crisis types by crisis clusters – Coombs and Holladay (2002) The second one is to inspect the previous reputation and important point of crisis history. In case of the organization had a negative reputation before, the threat can be enhanced. Reputation is considered an important asset for the company and it is very valuable and very important to protect. A crisis can probably affect the reputation with the negative word-of-mouth and it will decrease purchase intention. However, the reputation strategies will assist to reduce this probability (Coombs 2007). 4 – Recent new stories Several recent new stories which centred on a crisis for different businesses can be used as an example to highlight the communications strategy. Two recent new stories will be analysed. The first one is about the Barilla Pasta and its chairman, Guido Barilla, for his antigay comments. The second one is about the Costa Concordia Cruise and its captain, Schettino, for do not follow the navigation system causing a serious accident. 4.1 – Barilla Pasta The crisis started in September 2013. Having said that gay couples never will do advertising campaigns for Barilla, the president of the Italian pasta maker, Guido Barilla, apologized through media. The announcement was made after the statement had negative repercussions around the world and netizens started a campaign to boycott the products of the brand on social networks. The crisis type of the action taken by Guido Barilla can be classified as organizational misdeed management misconduct. According with the table 2 seen before, this crisis type is considered a preventable cluster because in that situation the organization knew that was taking an inappropriate action. Of course all the disorder could have been avoided if Barilla had not made the statement to the Italian radio La Zanzara. However, since a problem of this nature occurs, there are ways of minimizing the impact. The company took a primary crisis response strategy. The rebuild crisis response, apology, was used to indicate that the organization takes the full responsibility and ask stakeholders for forgiveness. Barilla was quick to respond to the crisis. The company post press releases on their official website and a video apology on company Facebook page. The retraction and apology from Barilla represent fundamental attitudes. It was necessary that he said he was not well understood and acknowledge the mistake. These cases it is important to accept the error and enhance the brand does not want to leave a bad image. The speed with which the message of the President of Barilla was posted on Twitter less than 24 hours after his interview with radio was another point where the company did the right thing. Have chosen Facebook and Twitter to rule was also a hit from the company. This is because the message first came to followers of the brand, which were probably inside the controversy. Knowing where relaying retraction is essential. It has to be directed to the right people, because they take it to those who still do not even know of the incident, will only arouse the curiosity of those people to the fact. The chairman also met some different LGBT organizations to apologize once again. In general, the crisis situation was well controlled by the organization. 4.2 – Costa Concordia Cruise In the year of 2012, on the night of January 13, a disaster occurred with one of the Costa Concordia cruise ship in Italy. It hit a rock and started to sink with 3,206 passengers and 1,023 crew on board. The commandant was Captain Schettino and the cruise was supposed to travel around the Mediterranean sea, including ports of Savona, Marseille, Barcelona, Palma, Cagliara, and Palermo. They are not absolutely sure that the Captain has not followed the navigation system. However, they assure that if this task was followed it would show clearly the dangerous that they were approaching. Schettino said â€Å"I have to take responsibility for the fact that I made a judgment error. This time I ordered the turn too late.† Then, at 22:54 on that night, the captain gave the order to the crew and passengers to abandon the ship. This tragedy was classified, by the Costa Concordia Full Investigation Report, as a very serious accident with dead or missing of 32 people. Also more 157 were injured, and from this number 20 were admitted to the hospital. In addition at the end they had total loss of the ship. With regard of the classification of the type of this crisis, it can be said that is a Human error accident (see table 2). This identification came, because as said before if the captain had followed the navigation system accordingly, this tragedy could be avoided. Also they said that the procedure to abandon the ship did not follow the Decision Support System and the â€Å"general emergency† alarm was given late. The company took a primary crisis response strategy. The rebuild crisis response, compensation, was used to offers money or other gifts to victims. Under these circumstances, after 5 days of the accident, the company’s CEO tweeted : I gave my personal assurance that we will take care of each every one of our guests, crew and their families. And some days after the CEO gave to the passengers that were on board, a 30% of discount on future trip cruises with the company. In addition, neither the CEO nor the Costa executives appeared in the pear of Giglio, the place where the ship sank, to speak with the survivors or to check the situation directly. In conclusion it can be said that the company Carnival did not know how to deal with the Concordia ship accident. As can be expected the physical appearance of corporate executives at the scene of the occurrence can be considerable significant. Also such attitude is crucial to prove the corporationsinvolvement and benevolence toward the victims. 5 – Conclusion To conclude, organizations have always faced a crisis. Sometimes economic, others policies or more common administrative and internal. Crisis is an event that disrupts the relationship and the normal business activities resulting in financial losses. Business has to engage with media very quickly because it is the best way to reach a wide variety of public and stakeholders very fast and it is the way of improve the corporate image and create a positive relationship with the stakeholders. Business has to identify the crisis type and after choose one of the several crisis response strategies that are successful in public relations to handle with the crisis. Two recent stories were presented. The first one, the Barilla Pasta, was an example of a well-managed crisis communication. The organization took some action very fast and before the first 24 hours. The organization apologized in different communication channels. The chairman made a video apologizing and also met some LGBT organizations to apologize once again. On the other hand, the second one, the Costa Concordia Cruise, was an example of not well managed crisis communication. The organization just took some action on tweeter 5 days after the accident. The CEO had the courage to offer 30% of discount for a future trip. Anyone from the organization, neither the CEO appeared in the place where the ship sank to check the situation directly. REFERENCES: Barton, L. (2001). Crisis in organizations ll. Cincinnati. 2th edition. Benoit, W. L. (1997). Image Repair Discourse and Crisis Communication. Public relations review. Coombs, W. T. (2007). Crisis Management and Communications: http://www.instituteforpr.org/topics/crisis-management-and-communications/ Coombs, W. T. (2007). Protecting Organization Reputation During a Crisis: The development and application of situational crisis communication theory. Corporate Reputation Review. http://www.palgrave-journals.com/crr/journal/v10/n3/full/1550049a.html Coombs, W. T. and Holladay, S.J. (2002). Helping Crisis Managers Protect Reputational Assets: Initial tests of the situational crisis communication theory. Management Communication Quarterly Dolphin, R. R. (1998). Fundamentals of Corporate Communications. Butterworth-Heinemann. Oxford. Dilenschneider, R. L. (2000). The Corporate Communication Bible: Everything you need to know to become a public relations expert. New Millennium. Fearn-Banks, K. (2011). Crisis Communication: A Casebook Approach. Routledge, New York, 4th edition. BIBLIOGRAPHY: For the recent new stories Barilla Pasta http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-10-07/barilla-in-hot-water-offers-a-lesson-in-reputation-management http://www.queerty.com/barilla-chairman-meets-with-lgbt-groups-in-an-attempt-to-reverse-global-boycott-20131008/ Costa Concordia Cruise http://www.cruiselawnews.com/2012/01/articles/social-media-1/cruise-crisis-management-fail-how-carnival-is-ruining-its-reputation-following-the-costa-concordia-disaster/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16563562

Heroism in Ayn Rands The Fountainhead Essay -- Ayn Rand Fountainhead

Heroism in The Fountainhead  Ã‚         The Fountainhead is a story about heroism. The novel is a triumphant cry of protest against all those who insist that life is about mediocrity. That man is destined to suffer. The greatness of The Fountainhead lies in its ability to inspire hope and confidence in its readers, to show how much is possible. For more than fifty years now, people all over the world have been looking towards this great book for support and sanction, for encouragement and hope, for ideas and answers. The Fountainhead applauds strength and greatness in human spirit, giving its readers a hero they can admire, respect, idolize and love. Howard Roark -- the hero, the ideal man, the human being. When Roark said in the courtroom, "Independence is the only gauge of human virtue and value, what a man is and makes of himself, not what he has or hasn't for others", he summarized the whole philosophy in these handful of words. To Roark, independence meant everything. From this one value of his arose all his other values and qualities. To him, there was no substitute and no alternative to independence. He held no authority above the judgement of his mind, he held no one higher than himself. Roark felt a fundamental indifference towards others -- he cared two hoots about what the world thought of him. The people Roark chose as friends and comrades all shared this basic quality - independence. His teacher, Henry Cameron, was a fiercely independent man. So were Steven Mallory, Austen Heller, Mike Donnigan and Gail Wynand. Roark's only hallmark of a man was his independence, or the lack of it. His 'enemies', the men who hated Roark, yet recognised his greatness, were all dependents and parasites. Peter Keating thirsted... ...ife as Keating and Toohey saw it. A choice between life as it "ought to be" and life as it is. The Fountainhead is more than a story about heroism. It is a story about a way of life. It will continue to be the most inspiring book of all times and will continue to hit readers with its immortal philosophy and tremendous courage. It will continue to offer answers. The choice is ours. Works Cited and Consulted Berliner, Michael S., ed. Letters of Ayn Rand. By Ayn Rand. New York: Dutton, 1995. Maslow, A.H. (1968) Toward a Psychology of Being. New York: Van Nostrand. Peikoff, Leonard. The Philosophy of Objectivism, A Brief Summary. Stein and Day, 1982. Rand, Ayn. The Fountainhead. New York: Plume, 1994. Rogers, C.R. (1980) A Way of Being. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Walker, Jeff. The Ayn Rand Cult. Carus Publishing Company, 1999      

Organizational structure of the business Essay

Businesses can take different approaches on the way they structure the organization of their business. The different types of structures include flat, matrix, and tall. These represent hierarchical, centralized and decentralized forms of organization. These different structures are used in different types of organization relating to the needs the business may require. In a tall structure there are many levels. People of different status within the business take each level. This is hierarchical. As the levels get higher in the structure, the power and responsibility usually increases. In a tall structured organization there would the top layer of the structure but many at the bottom represent few people. This structure would be used in a large business where there would be many members of staff, many groups under different supervision. This form of organization would cause there to be a lack of communication throughout the business as issues would be passed through the levels, supervisors to managers and may never reach the managing director. Elements like this in a tall structure could lead to a lack of control throughout the business. Flat is another style of organizational structure. This is still of a hierarchical form yet there is less layers in the business. This is more of a democratic approach as there is a smaller span of control throughout the organization. As there is less levels in the structure there is less separate sections of power. The reduction in the amount of layers means that communication throughout the business is greatly improved therefore the managing director has a greater level of control over the business as a whole. This would be used in a smaller business. It would consist of a managing director followed by possibly a number of directors then supervisors then staff in a hierarchical fashion. A matrix approach can also be used. This is constructed by the business itself. It can be a democratic, autocratic or lassiez-faire approach or a mixture of the three. Very large businesses, PLC or LTD’s use this. As the business is so large a tall matrix would not be appropriate as there would be a lack of interaction and control of the business would not be great. To prevent this happening, Boots designed a structure of its own. These are known as matrix structures. Each level has independent managers and spans of control that do not lead up or down the hierarchy of the business. Each level has independent managers and line supervisors so they are self-contained. The local span of control is the responsibility of the line manager. To keep communication strong within the business there is a strong chain of command throughout the structure. This ensures that any problems; ideas or achievement are known throughout the business. This approach keeps communication and control strong, as although there are a great number of people within the structure it is easy to find out what is happening at present through the chain of commanding supervisors who are responsible at that level. The different sections of the business that are present within the matrix are   Boots the Chemist Wellbeing services   Supply and support services   Boots Healthcare international Each of these sections (levels) of the business has line managers and supervisors. These communicate through the chain of command through out the business. This gives a firm structure of a high level of control and interaction, which is within the best interests of the smooth running of the business. The diagram below shows the set out of the business and how the different sections relate to each other. Within these sections the directing and supervisory structure is set out like this throughout the business This is Richard Baker; he is the chief executive of Boots PLC. He does not work in a store but control along with Howard Dodd Paul Bateman the running nationwide of the Boots Empire. They have control over every structure in every store throughout the country from managers to floor workers however it is rare they interact with any one but senior staff in the department stores. Boots to maximize the benefits created the matrix structure. This shows that they have taken their own approach upon their business and changed with the times. Using a matrix structure as the business expanded to the size it is now has proved beneficial and reaches an objective. Boots aimed to Develop, modernize technology and strategies. Using the matrix structure has been a form of modernizing therefore reaching a set objective. Boots aim of globalization would need to lead from a base of a stable market in the UK business sector. To gain a stable grasp in the UK economy Boots needs a stable business. The matrix structure consisting of effective interaction through out the levels and a hold on control ensures that the business runs smoothly and is stable in doing so. This reaches the objective of taking a strong hold in the UK business field, which can lead, to greater expansion and globalization. Companies can survive at a steady pace without altering too much about the workings of the business. However to expand, as Boots wish to, some of the most beneficial ideas may come from staff low down in the hierarchical structure. It is for this reason that the matrix structure is extremely beneficial as communication and interaction is strong between the levels so ideas can quickly be picked up on along with problems. This benefits the performance of the business and issues are quickly picked up on. This also contributes to the working towards of the objective relevant to expansion and customer loyalty as both business and custom seek to gain return from the matrix structures benefits and overall performance of the business as a whole. The matrix structure has many advantages that would not be applicable if the organization structure was of another form. The chain of command within the business ensures that the communication within the different groups is regular and effective. Within the boots organization there are many different sections that deal with different aspects of the business. The seven sections within the Boots group deal with their specific part of the business whether it is the chemist, retail or health care. The specialization within the business is a great advantage to all concerned. The staff employed in each of the sections are special trained in that area. Specialization is a great advantage to the business as it means that jobs can be carried out informatively and effectively. As staff is specialized in their area they provide great customer service as they are well educated in the fields in which they work. Empowerment enables the staff within the different sections to have freedom to do tasks that they are delegated without supervisions. This increases moral and self-motivation, as the staff feels confident and independent within the business. High motivation increases staff productivity, which improves the performance of the business. The span of control within the individual areas of the business ensures that the business is smooth running and any problems that occur can be dealt with quickly and efficiently. This is an advantage, as problems do not have to travel into other areas of the business through the chain of command. The separate sections of the business are independent in the way they work. This ensures the business has high levels of control throughout the whole business in all sections and all can be accessed quickly through the chain of command. All these are advantages that help a great deal towards improving the performance of the business for the reasons listed. Communication within Boots There are many different types of communication that businesses can adopt. Different forms of communication are used in different situations within a business. The main types of communication that are used now a day revolve around ICT. ICT stands for Information Communication Technology. Communication is used everyday from the second a business opens in the morning till the second that it closes. With out communication a business would never reach its full potential or have the smooth operations it could achieve. Within a large business, like a PLC or LTD like boots communication is essential. Without communication different sections of the business would not operate well together and issues could quickly fall out of hand. Communication through the chain of command is so important in keeping a business afloat and operating efficiently. Good communication ensures that the business keeps control and the top of the hierarchical structure is aware, or can easily find out the major movements from day to day. Between departments and hierarchical levels communication links must be strong as decisions and movements are often made that effect other departments. There are many different types of communication method. The specific sectors include   Written   Non-verbal. Verbal   Electronic Face to face Each of these has specific areas in which it is of most benefit to use. Different types of communication are used dependant on the issue that is relevant, who is sending it, and who is receiving it. It is important that communication towards employees is regular and efficient. This is because employees need to be kept informed of the movement of the business in all aspects. If there is product alterations or price changes employees must be informed straight away so that no problems occur within the business. Also information about extra shifts, overtime, work hours and bonuses, especially over Christmas are very important in the smooth operation and motivation of the staff. Supervisors and managers are usually the ones who would communicate with the staff. There are many methods that could be used. Employees could be informed and communicated with by the use of notice boards. This is a cheap method, which means that everyone can see the information present. This is a good method if everyone is aware there is a notice to be seen. This could easily be ignored or not notice quickly however. Letters with the employees pay slips are a good method to use, as it is likely that a very high majority of the employees will read them. This is good if it can wait till payday for the notice to go out although still staff may not read them. A team meeting at the beginning of the day is a very efficient way of communicating with staff as issues can be raised and the employees can communicate also. This means that everyone can be informed and there are no excuses why staff ignores issues raised. Employees who have computers (not floor workers) such as administration areas and HRM can be communicated with many more forms of modern communication such as email and uses of the Intranet. Managers and supervisors need to be able to receive communication from higher up in the chain of command and also to be able to distribute down the chain. This is very important. Higher levels in the hierarchical structure need to be able to communicate regularly and efficiently in order to hold a strong level of control over the business and make alterations and give advice where necessary. It is very important this area of the business is easy to communicate with so that no time is wasted in trying to do so. Managers in the Boots organization have offices in individual branches and headquarters; some supervisors also have computer access. This enables Boots to provide computers for the staff that is a great benefit when it comes to communication. The use of computers means that these managers can be easily and quickly communicated with via the use of email, Intranet messaging and time tabled events that may be stored and altered on network software that is specific to the Boots store. Different forms of communication are used in different parts of the business depending on different factors. These factors determine the form of communication and approach taken. These are described below.   Formal   Informal   Important   Urgent   Optional   Open to all   Sent to a specific person   Person   Impersonal   Relaxed   Who its aimed towards   Who its from Confidential This all affect what type of communication are used in different situations within the business. The different categories that the forms of communication fall into are know as the channels of communication.

Mechanical Engineering essays

Mechanical Engineering essays Since I can remember I have always been interested in automobiles. When I was young however I wasnt to sure how I wanted to use that interested and make a career out of it. I juggled around a few ideas: bus driver, gas station employee, taxi driver, etc. It wasnt until I got older however that I realized how low down those jobs were. So I looked around to find a higher-class job that paid more money. My older brother mentioned to me about Mechanical Engineering and designing cars. Of course that would be the perfect career for me, decent pay, easy job, and for me it would be an enjoyable job. Besides designing cars a Mechanical Engineer can do many different jobs. Their takes may include researching, developing, designing, manufacturing, and testing mechanical devices, such as engines, machines, and other mechanical devices. Many times Engineers of this field will use computer programs like CAM and CAD to help them design many of their projects. There are several Engineers working in agriculture, transportation, manufacturing, and government positions. For a person to get into this field it is usually required to go to college for four years or more depending on the exact position you would like. People going into this career path need to have skills in math, science, and be able to work well with you your mind. People in this field need to be able to solve complex problems as well being able to apply math equations. The job outlook from now til 2010 is to grow as machinery becomes more complex and harder to understand. In 2000 Mechanical Engineering held about 221,000 jobs. Most of the positions held were in the manufacturing industry. As far as salary goes it depends on experience and education. It is usually necessary for you to have 5 years experience making it hard to get into this career field. Bachelors degree 48,426, masters degree 55,994, and Ph.D. 72,096. The average salary however ...